Idhaya – Engineering & Technology Blog, Industrial & Mechanical Engineering Information

Mechanical engineering is that domain of engineering science which is basic to all and is gradually becoming popular amongst the students. It involves the basic principles of physics, laws of sciences to develop, design, and maintain the mechanical systems. This branch of engineering is sub divided into many other parts based upon kinematics and dynamics of physical objects.

Nature of Work

The main job of a mechanical engineer is in the design, and fabrication of mechanical systems. The various fields I which mechanical engineers work are automated manufacturing, computers, nuclear power, transportation and environmental control etc. it is one of the oldest trails of engineering and calls for perfection and precision. These work with their single indeed concentration and creative streak to develop high end devices to make our life more and more comfortable.

Courses and Programs

There are many universities which offer regular 4 year degree program as well as online degree programs for the students to take on. The diploma courses in mechanical engineering are a short term program which will help you to understand and learn the work of a mechanical engineer in two year duration only. This is more beneficial for those students who want to get into job field at earliest. An online program helps to adjust the study into your schedule without disturbing it.

Scope of Mechanical Engineers

The work of mechanical engineers is far ahead of anyone’s imagination. In the present world, almost each and every thing is controlled by some sort of machines and of course someone expert is needed to take care of them and maintain their performance rate. Mechanical engineers get employment in all possible domains be it energy conservation sector or environment protection drive. They work in the computers as well as electronic departments where any machine going wrong means a biog disaster. Miami University-Hamilton takes on specially designed course for the mechanical engineering.

Mechanical engineers have a flourishing job market to explore. They can get very good jobs with handsome salary if they are well skilled and have a penchant for newer technologies. Miami University-Hamilton takes on limited number of students for its every year course.

Automobile industry : Disruptive technologies are the need of the hour !

 

                                           SUNIL KEWALRAMANI                  April 28, 2009

 

 

Hearing the new, more aggressive restructuring plan offered by General Motors reminds one of the scenario for mankind jokingly foreseen by Woody Allen. “One path leads to despair and utter hopelessness. The other, to total extinction. Let us hope we have the wisdom to choose correctly.” If – and it is a big if – the plan is accepted by debtholders, they will be taking a disproportionate hit compared with other principals. Only shareholders will fare worse – although unbelievably GM’s shares soared 20 per cent.

Under the plan, the union-run healthcare trust would exchange half the cash owed to it for shares, making it a substantial shareholder in a restructured enterprise. GM’s scheme also assumes another $11.6bn in cash from the Treasury. In addition to the $15.4bn of loans received, part of this would be retired in exchange for half the carmaker’s equity. These two steps would give unions and Treasury about 89 per cent of the company, even before private debtholders are taken into account. GM envisions some $27.2bn of that debt being converted to equity, giving holders another 10 per cent of the company.

Whatever happens, shareholders will be either wiped out or nearly so. Even a minimal recovery depends on debt-holders taking a bigger financial hit than the union. Assuming unsecured lenders accept, the restructuring plan would create a much less indebted but also far smaller GM with about 40,000, or a third fewer, US workers, and four core brands with a little over half today’s number of dealerships. This makes sense, as do shedding Pontiac and plans to axe Saturn and Hummer. Someone has to pay. More government cash may be needed to avoid Chapter 11. A bankruptcy restructuring may be messier and less pleasant for dealers, workers and suppliers – but more equitable

Detroit Three have their back against the wall

The market capitalisation of General Motors is now below that of Mattel, the maker of Match-box toy cars.  Once industry leader, GM, now finds Toyota’s market value, at $ 145 Billion, now 25 times greater than GM. 

As a poor strategy, the Detroit Three focused on high-margin gas-guzzling sports-utility vehicles and pick-up trucks, which have now lost charm as oil prices have ventured, however temporarily, into unchartered territory. The Three also failed to control labour costs and have not built flexible assembly lines. As a desperate move, Ford has sold its flagship brands Jaguar and Land Rover to the TATAS.  Credit is the automobile industry’s lifeblood and today, the drying up of credit has hit carmakers’ financing arms such as General Motors’ GMAC and Ford Credit hard.   Detroit’s producers are seeking to tap into federal bail-out funds for their financial arms, alongside a $ 25 Billion low-cost credit line to retool old factories.

 

Germany’s Big 3 also face significant  headwinds; devise counter-strategy :

Volkswagen, Daimler and BMW have acquired a reputation for offering cars with cutting-edge technology.  They are however heavy gas-guzzlers and heavy emitters of carbon dioxide. The trio have now decided to launch electric cars, to desist demand destruction due to high oil prices impacting revenues.  Daimler plans to offer Mercedes-Benz S400 hybrid in 2009. However, the luxury sedan will be out of reach but for the more affluent.

 

Europe too catches the slowdown flu :

Sales in the European union HAVE fall 8.3 % compared with last year. Italy was down 20 %, Spain by 31 % and Ireland 49 %. The Italian group Fiat is to stop production at most of its domestic factories in late 2008 for 3 weeks with hundreds of workers laid off temporarily.  Renault is already cutting 6000 jobs round Europe and Peugeot is cutting fourth-quarter production by at least 20 per cent in France.

 

China’s automobile industry too hits a slippery path :

After stunningly rapid growth in the domestic car market—34 per cent in 2006 and 24 per cent in 2007, year-to-year passenger car sales rose an anemic 14 % in the six months to June 2008.  Possible reasons include the almost 70 % decline in Shanghai’s stock market since its peak in 2007, reducing car buyers’ disposable income. Tight government monetary policy has meant fewer purchases of high-end business vehicles.  According to auto consultancy JD Power, China “could be on the brink of a significant pause in demand growth”.  Only the government’s $ 600 Billion stimulus packaged has saved the scene in 2009, and somewhat restored in China’s automobile market. With the world economic outlook still uncertain, it may be quite some time before the third largest world economy returns to more solid growth.

 

Although fuel prices are subsidized in China, sometime back China did hike fuel prices to reflect market reality but this had only a marginal impact on sales : for the average consumer, it added only Rmb100 ($ 15) to monthly operating expense. This, when weighed against the Rmb150,000 average cost of mid-sized vehicle, was not termed demand-destructive in China.  Yet, faltering world economic growth is beginning to hit hard as China is essentially an export-driven economy. This, coupled with uncertainty over whether oil prices will remain at the levels they are at present, could cause some buyers of sub-compacts to defer purchases and compel consumers to look for more fuel-efficient cars.

 

French car market is turbo-charged by cheaper, cleaner cars :

Renault and its French rival Peugeot-Citroen, assisted by government incentives to produce cheaper, cleaner cars, have already started utilizing government incentives to turbo-charge their offerings.  The ‘bonus-malus’ tax system introduced by the French government under President has stimulated purchase of small cars.

 

The Japanese Four got their strategy right

Honda, Toyota, Nissan and Hyundai steadily captured the bulk of the market in compact cars and SUVs, known as crossovers.  Nissan plans to launch an electric car powered by a lithium-ion battery in Japan and the US in 2010.  Mitsubishi is offering MiEV, its version of the electric car, in Japan by 2009.  Nissan believes that the batteries it is developing with NEC will give its car a range of 160km and be 80 per cent rechargeable in 20 minutes. The range could increase to 300km or so within a few years.

 

In her book ‘The End of Detroit’, Micheline Maynard observes that “with their efficient development methods, their focus on manufacturing and most important, experienced engineers in critical management jobs, the foreign companies never forgot that they were in business to develop top-quality cars and trucks that appealed to customers, as opposed to rental-car models and government fleets”.

 

Toyota’s Prius charges ahead

The Toyota Prius, a petrol-electric hybrid vehicle, finds demand far in excess of what it can supply. The delivery time is anywhere between 6 weeks and four months, indicating that Toyota has stuck the right chord with its customers.  Toyota could foresee consumers’ long-term falling out with fossil fuels, and as the pioneer, had sold its first Prius in 1997.

 

Every battery in a Toyota hybrid is made at a factory in Shizuoka, Japan, by Panasonic EV Energy, a joint venture between Toyota and Matsushita Electric, holding company of Panasonic. The factory has an annual capacity of 500,000 nickel metal hydride battery packs a year, acting as a natural ceiling.  Honda has sold 52000 units of its singly hybrid model, a Civic sedan, in 2007 and plans to offer a new hybrid-only five-door that will have an initial annual sales target of 200,000 units, gradually extending upto 500,000 units by 2010.

 

Honda first car-maker to offer hydrogen-powered car FCX Clarity :

FCX Clarity of Honda is the first hydrogen-powered car whose only exhaust pipe emission is water.

 

General Motors to build world’s largest rooftop solar power station in Spain

Its Zaragoza factory in Spain, which produces about 500,000 cars a year, will be covered by 183,000 square metres of solar panels.

 

   Chevrolet Cobalt and Pontiac G5 to General Motor’s  rescue

   At a time when General Motors is trimming capacity and chopping jobs across North America, Lordstown, Ohio is set to hire 1400 workers for a third shift. The plant owes its good fortune to building the sporty, fuel-efficient Chevrolet Cobalt and Pontiac G5 cars.  While demand for big sports-utility vehicles and pick-up trucks are on the decline, Cobalt sales jumped by 18 per cent in the first five months of 2008.

 

GM collaborating with dozens of utilities for its Chevrolet Volt and Saturn Vue electric cars

  Both industries have a lot riding on the success of plug-in cars that will run largely on electricity, with gasoline or other fuels filling a supplementary role. It is collaborating with utility majors American Electric Power Co., Austin Energy, Consolidated Edison Inc., Dominion Resources Inc., Duke Energy Corp., DTE Energy Co., Edison International, New York Power Authority, PG&E Corp., Progress Energy Inc., and Public Service Enterprise Group Inc. The Chevy Volt is designed to run at full speed for at least 40 miles solely on lithium-ion batteries. Auto makers need the cooperation of utilities since they control the new technology’s primary fuel—electricity—and must make sure that the vehicles’ recharging processes must mesh with the electricity grid and don’t inadvertently undermine grid reliability.  Intelligent embedded software will ensure recharge at most optimal time and price.

 

The ‘Jatropha’ Factor :

Gujarat-based Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSMCRI) is assisting Daimler Chrysler, M&M and GM in using Jatropha as an alternative fuel in their futuristic engines. Diamler’s Jatropha plantations across Gujarat and Orissa are already in their fourth year.  GM on the other hand has made a first-phase investment of $ 0.5 Million to get biodiesel derived from Jatropha tested in six of its vehicles at CSMCRI’s facility at Bhavnagar in Gujarat, India.

 

BMW and Fiat enter into  strategic alliance :

The two are exploring links between Alfa Romeo and the Mini small car brand. BMW already has an engine agreement with France’s PSA Peugeot-Citroen. Fiat has as many as 29 alliances with competitors to reduce R&D costs. After Fiat withdrew Alfa Romeo from the US in 1995, BMW would help reintroduce it.

Alliances are a significant cornerstone of strategies of most car companies today.  BMW and arch-rival Daimler are jointly cooperating with General Motors on hybrids to further their joint interests.

 

India’s rise as the ‘small car hub’ of the world

  Small cars account for 71 % of Indian car market; the corresponding figure in China is 33 %. In September 2008, Maruti’s export sales rose significantly to 6318 units from 4362 units in last year.  Cumulative exports grew 25% to 30,235 vehicles from 24,236 vehicles for the period April-September 2007.  Maruti currently exports Alto, M800, Omni, Wagon R and Zen Estilo to non-European markets such as Chile, UAE, Algeria and East Africa. The year-end launch of its new compact ‘A-Star’ should provide further fillip.  Nissan plans to buy 50,000 A-Star compact cars from Maruti and export to markets in Europe. Bajaj Auto’s exports grew 43 % to 68,572 units in September 2008 as compared to 48,048 units in September 2007.    Hyundai, aided by high demand for its new i10 compact,  continued to be the leader with export kitty swelling from 9508 units in September 2007 to 23911 units in September 2008.  Hyundai exports 40 % of its small car production in India; ‘Santro’ is sold as ‘Atos’ in 97 countries.  TVS Motor reported 40 % growth in exports at 13036 units during September 2008, as compared to 18229 units in the same month last year. 

 

Car penetration in China and India low compared to Developed nations

The car penetration rate in USA is 600 cars every 1000 people.  In Europe, it is 300 cars every 1000 people (since the public transportation infrastructure is more efficient than in the USA). In China and India, it is about 30 cars every 1000 people.  Thus, as these economies grow rapidly, there will be greater demand for cars to ensure mobility.

 

Hyundai’s i10 and Santro are quick to react to the need of the hour :

Launched to challenge other cars in the market, such as Maruti Wagon R, Zen Estillo, Tata Indica and Chevrolet Spark, the two models of Hyundai—i10 and Santro have enabled Hyundai to clock 39 % growth in sales in the domestic passenger car segment over the period April-June 2008.  The i10 model might further affect Maruti and Tata sales as Hyundai has launched its compressed natural gas (CNG) variant and launced the liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) variant in end-2008.  Recently, in tune with changing times, Hyundai launched a new version of the i10 powered by a 1.2 litre Kappa engine whose double overhead camshaft would enable the engine to run at higher speeds. The Kappa engine is being manufactured at Hyundai’s engine and transmission plant in Sriperumbudur and its remarkable fuel-efficiency will significantly raise the bar in the segment.

 

65 % of Maruti Suzuki’s Swift and Dzire are diesel variants :

The growing trend towards diesel is forcing Maruti to launch diesel and petrol variant of Splash hatchback.  Whereas more than 75 % of Tata Motors’ Indica and Indigo sell the diesel versions, more than 65 % of Hyundai’s Verna and Sonata’s sales comes from the diesel counterpart.  Also on the diesel track are  Mahindra’s Logan and GM’s Optra.

 

M&M to speed up e-vehicles, launches CNG variant of Bolero :

M&M plans to launch an array of alternative fuel variants including CNG and hybrid versions of its flagship SUV Scorpio and that of its one tonner pick-up vehicle Bolero.

 

Tata Nano to crank out 30 % more fuel-efficient CRDi diesel engine :

Tata Nano will sport the world’s first 800 cc, turbo charged CRDi diesel engine. The small diesel engine will have fuel injection systems developed by Bosch.  Rest of the diesel engine platform will be developed by Tata Motors and German powertrain maker FEV.  Tata Nano will be the world’s first 800 cc, turbo charged, CRDi diesel engine.  While Bosch is working on the CRDi system for the Nano, Honeywell Turbo India is working on the turbo charger, thus providing a unique fuel-efficient buying proposition.  The 1.3 liter Fiat multijet CRDi engine that Suzuki has used on its Swift is the smallest diesel engine in India thus far.

Tata Nano is beefing up the low-cost car with fitments such as air bags, better designed interiors and engine options to make the Nano export-quality. Tata Nano’s unique fuel-efficient engine and ‘bottom-of-the-pyramid’ pricing of $ 2200 makes it a unique customer-centric proposition and a disruptive technology which when replicated across engine classes, has the capability to transform the way we move, the way we go to work, and basically the way we live our lives.  After making its mark on the domestic scene, Tata Nano has its eyes on the world small car market.  Tata Motors, which plans to deliver its first electric car by the end of this fiscal, has tested Indica platform for the vehicle.  The company is working on five prototypes of electric vehicles.

During September 2008, Tata Motors has launched three new fully loaded variants on its popular Tata Indigo CS range.  The new variants are the petrol GLX model and two diesel LX models—in the Turbo-charged diesel with intercooler and direct injection common rail engine options. Bajaj launched the new Platina 125 cc with the Digital Twin Spark-Swirl Induction or DTS-Si engine during September 2008.  TVS Motor broadened the horizons of its TVS Scooty with the launch of Balancing Wheels, a unique and innovative product that can be effectively fitted on to the Scooty. This indicates how automobile manufacturers are resorting to disruptive innovations to keep their revenue stream flowing.

 

The car industry is leanly managed with high fixed costs and relatively less flab.  This is the sign of the industry’s competitiveness since carmakers have steadily improved their vehicles’ quality in recent years while barely increasing their prices.  For example, despite large improvements in performance, Porsche’s flagship 911 model has been priced virtually the same in real terms since 1992, according to EurotaxGlass, the publisher of Glass’s Guide, the UK car buyer’s handbook. 

 

Disruptive technologies possible in China and India

Most of the developed nations have their past legacy.  They also have their interests and resources to protect.  For example, most have inflexible assembly lines and labour contracts which they cannot terminate except at a steep cost. Thus, they keep defending their gas-guzzling vehicles, and are not customer-centric.

 

On the other hand, China and India, have the advantage of being in virgin territory with not much of past legacy to haunt them.  They have the advantage of being able to experiment with disruptive technologies, especially in an era of high crude prices.

 

Amazingly, unlike the developed nations, most of the focus in China and India is on the high input costs, high interest rates and falling demand.  Commodity prices and interest rates have begun to retreat of late.  Yet, there is little appreciation of how disruptive technologies can bring about a revolution in the way we travel to work and do things.

 

The real disruptive innovations are more likely to take place in Silicon Valley, Bangalore and Chennai rather than in Detroit where car-makers have their legacies and interests to nourish and defend.  High oil prices, although temporarily acted as a dampener for the automobile industry, has come as a blessing in disguise for India in its endeavors to become the “small car hub of the world”.  While the rest of the automobile world is scaling down capacities, Hyundai, for example, has started in India third shift operations in mid-September 2008 as compared to the originally planned October 2008 to meet soaring demand for i10 in domestic as well as overseas markets.  The rest of the world has already benefited by bringing out fuel-efficient innovations to transform the landscape of the world automobile industry.

 

Thus, disruptive technologies seem to be the need of the hour.  Supply-side management rather than overly focusing on the demand side, seem to be the key factors that will reverse the gloom that has descended on the world automobile industry and usher in an era of growth and prosperity in the commuting world.

 

 

Sunil Kewalramani is a Wharton Business School MBA and CEO, Global Capital Advisors. 

It can be best summarized and stated that many in the computerized high tech gaming field think that writing those video games software and software routines might well be their “dream job”. Peachy keen. After all they well consider themselves video gaming aficionados. “After all I’ve got 10 Zillion points on Counterstrike”. ‘Why don’t girls like me?”

The sad truth of the matter is that the video gaming industry is multi-billion dollar cutthroat industry full of what you might well consider cut throat characters as to well what might be considered in the regular impoverished world of most computer gamers , absolute “low lives ” of the worst variety , kind and temperament. Lol, Lots of Luck when it comes to your fantasy job of computer gaming video software designer, designers and developers.

It can and might well be said that the biggest companies – those with the most marketing resources and push , as well as the deepest pockets to pay you , as a software designer and developer the highest salaries and pay bonuses can often be the hardest to get a job with. Everyone else wants to work for that well known branded company as well – with that great visibility, product as well as brand name recognition in the computer gaming field and fields. Welcome to the real world. Goodbye fantasy. Reality what a concept.

Still it can be said that big companies, with the marketing will, budget and muscle for promoting their product in this competitive marketplace as always on the prowl for new talent with newer fresh innovative ideas, themes as well as product. One has to only look at the very competitive LCD / Plasma big screen TV market to note such a case. Not long ago it was Japanese Sony electronics that had the cachet and demanded a premium dollar price tag if you wished to purchase their product at your local big box high tech electronics store. Skip foreword in time and it next was Japanese manufacturers who manufactured their goods offshore from the island of the Rising Sun – such as Sharp Electronics. Currently in 2009 / 2010 the market leader in the electronics high tech Plasma / LCD TV video displays is held by many experts and commentators in the field to be Samsung – a strictly Korean as opposed to East Asian or East Asian Japanese rim company organization. How time changes the most highly competitive markets and marketing plans – video game platforms, consoles as well as the software integral to the satisfaction of most video gamers and video gaming junkies as well.

Thus as a competent and dedicated video gamer have heart that you at your best may well be able to implement and coordinate your best efforts and influence as well as enhance and develop those very video games and scenarios that you enjoy and relish so much. First of all develop of stable of your best products that you have worked on, or if you do not have software development of marketing skills – write your scenarios and projects on paper or word processor. This is your resume, work plan and business plan so speak. Make it polished and professional in appearance and presentation. The video marketing video authority Riteway Strokon has commented again and again “Presentation”. Lastly it’s up to you to hit the pavement or the email or fax road.

Aeronautical Engineering is focused only on Aircrafts that do not leave the Earth’s atmosphere whereas Astronautical Engineering is focused on Aircrafts that are able to leave the Earth’s atmosphere.   Initially this industry was focused on Aeroplanes and flight technology but it has expanded to also run the operation of outer space aircrafts.  Some of the issues that Aerospace Engineers have to deal with include temperature change and control, atmospheric pressure and flight planning.  They deal with these issues by using technologies such as aerodynamics, avionics, propulsion and material science.

Wernher von Braun

Wernher von Braun made a significant impact in the development and advancement of rocket technology in America and Germany.  However, some found his work very controversial because he did some work on a Nazi rocket programme and there was even a song written about him!  Wernher had an interest in space and astronomy from a very early age and his mother supported his interest by buying him a telescope.

Wernher went to the Berlin Institute of Technology where he became a prominent member of the Spaceflight Society.  A few years later he earned a doctorate in physics and received a research grant to work on a rocket test site.

Chemical Engineering

Chemical Engineers work to combine both Chemistry and Engineering in an intelligent way in order to closely study the production of chemicals.

Henry Bessemer

Bessemer was an English Engineer born in 1813.  He is best known for his division of the Bessemer process which was used in the manufacture of steel.  This was a very well known process that was implemented worldwide and was very important to the industry at the time.  It resulted in steel dropping significantly in price and being used for a huge variety of things for the first time.  Bessemer invented another very important process, the decarbonisation of cast iron.  He also invented a great deal of other things and coming up with revolutionary ideas was his passion.

Electrical Engineering

Electrical engineering is centred around the study of electricity.  However, what many people don’t realise is that it covers a variety of subjects and industries such as electromagnetism, control systems, telecommunications and power.

Thomas Edison

Thomas Edison was an American businessman who also spent a great deal of his time attempting to come up with new inventions.  Consequently he invented a wide range of useful ideas and devices.  He was most famous for using the principles of mass production to enhance the process of invention.  Thomas Edison came up with so many ideas that he ended up obtaining 1,093 patents for his vast array of inventions.

The Job Description

Mechanical engineers basically design tools and machines for engineering and civil purposes and they often work as a team to develop new machines. Mechanical engineering is a vast area with diverse scopes and applications including air pollution control engineer, automotive engineer or manufacturing engineer among others.

Mechanical engineers can choose their own fields of specialization including instrumentation or bio engineering to become subject matter experts in their respective fields and industries. Mechanical engineers should have a good aptitude in science and mathematics and should have an inquisitive mind to explore the machine parts. They should be physically fit as their job might require long hours of hard manual work involving work at odd hours.

Education and Training

Mechanical engineers should at least have a bachelor’s degree in mechanical engineering. Advanced degrees or business administration degrees are useful to land upon lucrative jobs. Most of the employers are keen on making sure that their employees keep abreast with the latest happenings in the engineering world and support education throughout the careers by sponsoring the education expenses.

There are many online courses too that could be helpful for mechanical engineers who wish to work full time. Just browse through the college directory of your area to find the various part time advanced courses which can be helpful for those who prefer to do a work- study program.

Promotional Scope

Mechanical engineers start their career as assistants to senior engineers where they gain hands-on experience in the various projects. Once they gain enough experience, they move on to become supervisors or managers depending on the employee’s caliber.

Mechanical engineers with advanced degrees can become research directors or they can even set up their own consultancy services or manufacturing companies to become entrepreneurs. The annual salary package of mechanical engineers in the year 2005 was $50,236 per year. Other benefits include paid holidays, insurance and retirement plans.

Automobile companies go to extreme lengths to one up the competition, they roll out new makes and models yearly. The cars of today are lean, mean horsepower monsters showcased in the most beautiful designs imaginable. During times of oil and petroleum crisis, consumers are still waiting in line to purchase the latest automobiles.

So it is very fortunate that there are some manufacturers that came up with the concept of hybrid automobiles. Hybrid cars were developed to save on the world’s oil resources and to produce lower emissions. Hybrids are a combination of the combustion gasoline engine of the present and electric motor. To power to these automobiles, multiple propulsion packages are utilized. Electric batteries are utilized to crank up the electric motors. The batteries of the modern commercially-produced hybrids are recharged by acquiring kinetic energy through the means of regenerative braking used in the Toyota Prius or Honda Insight hybrid-electric vehicle.

There are many kinds of hybrid automobiles. These types are distinguished by the connection manner between fueled and electric halves of the powertrain and the designated operating period of each portion.

Here are the main classifications and the brands that utilize the following hybrid packages:

1. Full hybrid

It can operate on just the engine or the batteries alone, or both power sources combined. These automobiles have more drivetrain flexibility because of the presence of split power path. The electrical and mechanical power is interconverted. Differential-style linkage is utilized by the vehicles in the middle of the motor and the engine linked to the transmission’s head end in order to put balance from each power portion.

Toyota’s Prius and Highlander SUV are full hybrids, with computer-operated systems that decides which power source should be in operation, or if both of them should be working at the same time. When operating on its normal mode, the electric power is used, and the gasoline engine will only work if it is required or if the electric motor has been turned off.

2. Assist hybrid

These hybrids use the engine as the main source of power. A very powerful electric motor is connected to a conventional powertrain. It operates when there is a need for the engine to be turned over and also when the driver requires additional starter power.

This design is used by the hybrid automobiles of Honda, like the Insight. It compliments the reputation of the company in producing gasoline engines that are small and efficient. Honda’s system is called Integrated Motor Assist. The difference of the Assist from the Full hybrids is that it cannot function on electric power alone.

3. Mild hybrid

They are conventional vehicles equipped with starter motors that are oversized. The advantage of this is that the engine can be shut off whenever the car is in braking, coasting or stopping motion, and still be able to restart with no problems at all. Like the other hybrids, energy is recaptured by utilizing the motor for regenerative braking.

Some people do not consider the mild variety as hybrid automobiles, because they do not save up on fuel compared to the other kinds. Chevrolet used this system for their Silverado automobile, and they improved its fuel efficiency by making the engine turn off or restart on demand. General Motors created the Belt alternator starter hybrid system, for the Saturn VUE Green Line automobiles. Its operation is more or less the same as the Silverado.

4. Plug-in hybrid

They are full hybrids that function using only electric power, equipped with bigger batteries and has the capability to recharge energy from the power grid. The primary benefits of using these vehicles is that they can be independent from gasoline for short, daily trips, but can also have the capabilities of other hybrids when it comes to long distance travel. They can also be used by multiple fuels to supplement the electric power.

Companies such as Renault and DaimlerChrysler are producing automobiles using this system.

Here are some more of the hybrid automobiles that are currently available in the market:

1. Lexus RX400h and GS450h from Lexus

2. Honda Insight Hybrid, Honda Civic Hybrid and Honda Accord Hybrid from Honda

3. Ford Escape Hybrid and Mercury Mariner from Ford

Consumers today have lots of options when purchasing their automobiles. For those who are conscious of the amount of fuel wasted and the amount of emissions produced, hybrid automobiles are a very sound option.

First of all, in order to discuss this topic thoroughly, we should be equipped with the correct definition of “flexible”. In my point of view, the real meaning of “flexible job” is the job which doesn’t disrupt your daily work, or as a college student, your class assignments, meanwhile could offer you some extra money in your pockets and helpful experiences in your resumes. As far as I am concerned, the flexible jobs do not necessarily call for certain skills, of course if you are a master in some sorts of fields, you choices will be more plentiful, and your leisure time will turn out to be more effective. For instance, if your major is computer engineering, you will be an ideal candidate for a popular job programmer.

Second, I want to address the necessity of finding a flexible job. No one can deny the fact that money is an everlasting lurk for human being, in order to be affordable to a long-dreamed cell phone or PC or increase your account deposits, you deadly need a flexible job. Besides the substantial need, your resume will be outstanding if decorated with a bunch of previous working experiences.

Third, to be practical, it is the high time to illustrate the feasibility of finding a flexible job and I am here trying to find an answer for where can we find the best source for flexible jobs. As college students, busy with homework and social relations, we are not allowed to send resumes everywhere or participate in various interviews. So, resources from the Internet appear to be an optimal channel. As long as you can get access to the Internet you can find tons of information about flexible jobs are waiting for you. The convenient Internet and professional job-finding websites can make your flexible jobs possible. Here, I have to draw your attentions to one intractable problem. Do not be trapped in some fake website which aimed at cheating you, they usually ask you to hand in sum of membership fee and then disappear or put you into valueless jobs. Which can lower your chance of being cheated is to do research as much as you can, then compare different kinds of websites or programmers, weighing their pros and cons, at last make you own choices. I have to admit that it is not an easy task to ascertain the true on from millions of websites, but you have to. Taking myself as an example, I would like to choose the website which enjoys many recommendations and the founder is warmhearted who is sincerely devoted into helping people to improve their lives instead of impersonal business man.

In the end, I want to add something or tips about how to pick up the fittest job for you. We can divide the jobs into two categories: no skilled needed and skilled needed. If you are more interested in the skilled jobs, you can easily find more details of this job from the website. Different jobs call for different requests; you must be clear about what you are seeking for.

It is too numerous to list the advantages of finding a flexible job. The most significant key point is looking for the best source for flexible jobs that is your first step!

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ADVANTAGES OF NEW DRIVING MECHANISM

BY- R. P. NAIK

1. Both legs can drive simultaneously: Due to independent nature of driving both of the legs can be utilised for driving simultaneously whenever required. This will help in dead start or accelerating with high load at step gradients or rough tar rain etc.

2. Continuous driving torque: The driving force on the rear wheel (s) will be a continuous one. As soon as a leg finishes its driving stroke the other leg will start its driving stroke and hence virtually there will be no time of zero torque.

3. More force than driver’s weight can be applied without fatigue: The backrest provided will give support to driver in such a way that by utilizing reaction from backrest, the driver can put on force more than his own weight whenever required.

4. No stress in portion above the waist: Due to same backrest, there will be no stress developed above the waist and back pen and hand tension will be eliminated.

5. More angle turned by thighs & knees ensure more force available when required: Due to position of seat and paddle, the angle turned through by thigh and knee for any stroke of driving will be more than corresponding angle in case of ordinary cycle (rickshaw) hence there will be more work done available per driving stroke of the paddle.

6. Crippled persons can use their able leg: The same system of driving can be utilised for handicapped person’s tricycles. In these, the handicapped person can use his able leg along with his hand for driving the tricycle. If the amputation of a leg is below the knee; than he can use even his stump as well as his able leg for driving with the help of suitable padding and paddle modification.

7. Easy adaptability for existing manufacturers: Once this system proves its utility and is accepted for increased speed /load carrying capacity of rickshaw, the existing cycles or rickshaw manufactures can easily convert to this design without altering many of their facilities.

8. Gear arrangements: Suitable gear arrangements will enhance speed / load carrying capabilities tremendously.

I have also uploaded all this in "scribd.com". Please visit " http://www.scribd.com/doc/13731738/CYCLE-MANUFACTURERS-INTERESTED-IN-JOINT-PATENTING-WE-CAN-REAP-BENIFITS-TOGETHER".]“

NOW COMING BACK TO ANY IC ENGINE (DIESEL / PETROL / OTHER FUEL)

If you consider legs as “CONNECTING ROD” & paddle wheel of bicycle as “CRANK SHAFT”; you will understand that similar problems are there in ALL IC ENGINES AS WELL. When the piston is nearer to TDC or BDC, very little component of Force is converted in to torque for driving the vehicle. Most of the torque comes from 450 – 1350 or 600 – 1200 of crank shaft position from TDC (effective range).

In case of Cycle; we apply force only in this range to get maximum conversion of force to torque but in IC engine; force is almost constant & most of the same is used to compress or stretch Crank shaft towards / away from centre (when away from effective range).

ALL IMPROVEMENTS IN TECHNOLOGY SO FAR HAS NOT ADDRESSED THIS IMPORTANT ISSUE.

I am sending you this message because I HAVE CONCEPTUALLY DEVELOPED A METHOD FOR IC ENGINES WHICH WILL NOT HAVE THIS PROBLEM. Of course, lot of development & testing will have to be done at some good R & D place for IC engines like your company.

I am MAILING SIMILAR MESSAGE TO MANY CAR MANUFACTURERS AROUND THE WORLD with request as under:

IN CASE YOUR COMPANY DESIRES TO DEVELOP THIS IDEA TO LOGICAL CONCLUSION; PLEASE SEND ME MAIL MENTIONING THE SAME INDICATING THE AMOUNT (IN US $) YOU ARE WILLING TO GIVE ME IF THE IDEA IS SELECTED BY YOUR COMPANY FOR FURTHER DEVELOPMENT / PATENTING ETC.

I WILL SEND/ SELL MY IDEA TO MAXIMUM BIDDER ONLY AFTER GETTING WRITTTEN COMMITMENT FROM THEM THAT THEY WILL PAY ME IF MY IDEA IS SELECTED FOR FURTHER DEVELOPMENT & IN CASE THEY DON’T DEVELOP FURTHER; I WILL BE FREE TO SEND / SELL THE SAME TO NEXT LOWER BIDING COMPANY.