Idhaya – Engineering & Technology Blog, Industrial & Mechanical Engineering Information

In this era of perfection, everything needs to be perfectly organised, designed and hence presented in a well thought-out manner. Designing of a pencil to the formation of a computer system, requires lot of mind boggling, intelligence and hard work. Lot of technicalities are involved in the structurisation of any mechanical, chemical, technical or mathematical developments. The fields related to these, in which the designing, formation and construction of all mechanical or technological devices are done is called engineering. Engineering is a very vast field and students opt for different engineering fields according to their interests. Also, the demand for engineers has increased due to the developments in the field of technology.

The various branches of Engineering are:

v     Aerospace Engineering

v     Chemical Engineering

v     Civil Engineering

v     Electrical Engineering

v     Mechanical Engineering

v     Computer and software Engineering

v     Bio- chemical Engineering

A student must have subjects like physics, chemistry, and mathematics in his senior secondary examination to pursue engineering as his career. There are different colleges and institutes providing degrees in engineering. Engineers play a key role in the country’s development as whole. Scientists, computer experts, forensic engineers, software applications, etc are few of the fields contributing in the country’s growth. The top ten engineering colleges which has produced brilliants in the field are:

Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur
Indian Institute of Technology, Chennai
Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee
Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi
Indian Institute of Technology, Mumbai
Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati
Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur
IIIT Allahabad
College of Engineering, Chennai
National Institute of Technology, Tamil Nadu

The entrance to an engineering college is a lengthy process, involving a series of examinations. Every college has its own entrance exam, on the basis of the reputation that institute carries and the seats availability. A minimum percentage is required to sit in the entrance exams of various colleges, which is decided by the college itself, after which a written test is taken, assessing the students on the subjects like Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry and English. After clearing the written test, the student appears for the group discussion in which the confidence, general knowledge and communication skills are tested, clearing which makes the student eligible for the interview round, which is very crucial and student’s last step towards the achievement of his goal i.e. admission in a reputed engineering college.

The famous engineering entrance exams are:

ITT JEE- IIT Joint Entrance Exam
AIEEE- All India Engineering Entrance Examination
VITEEE
ENET- ESPI National Admission Test
WBJEE- West Bengal Joint Entrance Examination
DCE- Delhi College of Engineering
Manipal Institute of Technology Engineering Examination
Bharath University Engineering Entrance Exam
MHCET- Maharashtra Common Entrance Test
SRM Engineering Entrance Examination
ICFAI Institute of Science and Technology Exam
Kerela Medical and Engineering Entrance Exam
IIST- Indian Institute of Space and Technology
BITSAT- Birla Institute of Science and Technology

Preparation for these exams is also important, as these exams decide the fate of the students as their admission in the colleges are dependents on the marks obtained in these entrance tests. Many students also take classes for the preparation of these exams, very much after opting for engineering as their senior secondary subject. The institute chosen should satisfy the educational standards of the institute and help in enhancing the confidence, speed and many other skills of the student. Time management is an important factor, which helps the student in scoring more and keeping a track on all the subjects. It helps you to required attention to respective subjects, thereby helping in a speedy and a balanced preparation. Also, taking mock test papers helps the student in practising the exam tests and increasing their grip even over the tricky questions.

“100% of your design documentation is contained in
the specifications of your information resources.”
- Bryce’s Law

There are many companies today, most overseas, still tackling major systems projects particularly in the areas of banking and manufacturing. These mammoth application development efforts contrast sharply with American companies who have failed in such undertakings and are now content with chipping away at systems, program-by-program, with the hope that disjointed
software will somehow/someday interface with each other. Whereas foreign competitors talk in terms of enormous systems with hundreds of programs and millions of lines of code; large integrated systems tend to intimidate the most ardent of American developers. But this is not so much a story about competition as it is about understanding design complexity.

People in both the east and the west recognize the design and development of a total system is no small task. A system can consist of many business processes, procedures, programs, inputs, outputs, files, records, data elements, etc. The problem lies in how to best control these information resources and the design decisions associated with them. Two approaches are
typically used: progressively break the problem into smaller, more manageable pieces, or; tackle a minuscule portion of the problem at a time. Whereas the former requires a long term perspective, the latter can show a quick return, which is more appealing to a company with a “fast track” mentality.

Some time ago we conducted a study of customer application development projects. Our research centered on two types of projects: those aimed at building a total system, and; those aimed at building a single program. One obvious conclusion was that the number of information resources used in a major system was considerably more than in a program.

However, the key observation made in the study was that there is a finite number of design decisions associated with each type of information resource. As an example, for an output, decisions have to be made as to its physical media (screen or report), size (number of characters), messages associated with it, etc. For a data element, its logical and physical characteristics must be specified (definition, source, label, size, class, length, etc.). For a program, the language to be used, program logic, required file structures, etc. These design decisions can be simple or complex; regardless, they are all required in order to design a system or a program. When we multiply the number of design decisions by the number of information resources, we get an
idea of the magnitude of a systems design project versus the design of a single program (see Figure 1).

FIGURE 1

NUMBER OF RESOURCES IN AVERAGE SYSTEMS PROJECT: 2,006
NUMBER OF DESIGN DECISIONS TO BE MADE: 49,850

NUMBER OF RESOURCES IN AVERAGE PROGRAM PROJECT: 98
NUMBER OF DESIGN DECISIONS TO BE MADE: 2,070

NOTE: Decisions are design oriented only; they do not include Project Management related decisions (such as those associated with planning, estimating and scheduling).

From this perspective, the average system design project is nearly 25 times larger than the average software design project in terms of complexity. As a footnote, our findings also revealed the “average” system design project is seven times larger than a “complex” software design project.

This discrepancy in system/software complexity provides a clue as to how companies address the problem. Since a software design project is smaller and seemingly more palatable to implement than a total systems project, some companies will focus on software engineering tools and techniques, and
abandon total systems engineering practices. This is one reason why programming tools enjoy popularity today.

Contrast this with the size of Japan’s “Best” project to build the
country’s next generation of on-line banking systems. This was a major application development effort resulting in 72 “average” systems; a considerably larger project than what is typically addressed in the United States.

MANAGING DECISIONS

There are two aspects to handling decisions: how they are formulated, and how they are controlled.

Trying to make nearly 50,000 design decisions in one step is not only an impossible task, it is a highly impractical way of operating. Just like the design of any product, a system must be designed in gradual phases in such a way as it becomes possible to review and refine the design. In other words, the 50,000 design decisions will be made throughout the life of a development project, not all at once.

It is the responsibility of a systems engineering methodology to define the sequence of events for designing a system. As such, the methodology represents the channel for formulating decisions. Breaking a complex system design down into smaller, more manageable pieces, also provides for:

Parallel development and delivery of portions of the system
(concurrent development within a single project).

An environment conducive for building quality into a product (as opposed to inspecting for quality afterwards).

The formulation of Project Management related decisions (such as estimating and scheduling the delivery of systems, in part or in full).

This philosophy of design is no different than any other product
design/development effort, such as shipbuilding, automobile manufacturing, bridge building, etc. All require a specific methodology that breaks the product down to its sub-assemblies and parts; thereby organizing the specification of parts and the design decisions associated with them.

Managing the decision making process for even the smallest of application development projects can be a huge undertaking. We estimate there are approximately 500 design decisions associated in a small software design project (as compared to more than 125,000 decisions in the typical complex system design project). To record and control these decisions requires
something more sophisticated than just paper and pencil; it requires an automated “Information Resource Manager” (IRM), a software tool capable of inventorying and documenting an enterprise’s information resources.

Whether you call it an “IRM”, a “Repository”, a “Data Dictionary” or whatever, the philosophical heart of the product is based on the age-old concept of “Bill of Materials” whereby resources (also referred to as “components” or “parts”) are cataloged and cross-referenced to each other. Consider a parts manifest as included in a major appliance maintenance bookley (or lawn/garden tool), I am sure this type of diagram is familiar to any homeowner who has reviewed product maintenance/warranty booklets.

Every part in the product is identified by number and name (see section to the right in the figure). To the left side in the figure is a schematic showing how each part relates to the other parts and, as such, represents the assembly of the product for maintenance purposes.

The concept of “Bill of Materials” provides the means to inventory resources thus allowing us to share and re-use them. For example, many of the parts shown in Figure 2 are re-used in other lawnmower models offered by the manufacturer. How can we share and re-use resources without such a concept? The answer is simple: we cannot. And this explains why there is considerable redundancy in our information resources and work effort. It also suggests most of our design decisions are maintained “by the seat of our pants.” Most college courses involving computing are unfamiliar with the Bill of Materials
concept. Their focus is on programming and file design, and little else.

The concept of “Bill of Materials” has three objectives:

To uniquely identify each resource by number and name (as well as by aliases). Names are nice, but numbers offer a more precise way to uniquely identify a resource. Identification is critical. After all, we cannot share and re-use something if we do not know it exists.

To record the part’s specifications. Thus providing a way to determine if the part can be re-used in another product (thereby promoting the sharing of parts and eliminating redundancy).

To record where the part is used in a product(s) (aka “Where-used”). This specifies the relationship of parts to each other and, thereby, their assembly. This is also extremely useful for “impact analysis” whereby we can analyze where the part is used in all of our products, not just one, which is vital for making intelligent decisions about modifying a part. For example, if we change the specifications of a part in one product, this will severely impact other products it is also used in.

By controlling parts in this manner, a product’s design is fully
documented.

The “Bill of Material” concept can easily accommodate information resources and offer the same benefits of sharing and re-using components. By doing so, we can easily manage the 50,000 design decisions accompanying a system design project. Our system/software products may be less tangible than an automobile, aircraft or lawnmower, but we can still apply the same concept to their control.

Therefore, an IRM Repository should have the ability to identify, specify, and cross-reference all of the resources mentioned in Figure 1. This can certainly be done manually with paper but this may lead to bureaucratic and access problems for developers. Instead, automation is recommended. There are several such commercial products on the market, but it is also fairly easy to create such software using today’s Data Base Management Systems (DBMS) which are now fairly easy to define and
relate resources (they also provide excellent documentation services).

The IRM should be viewed as the hub of all development efforts and provide the means to interface (import/export) with a myriad of other development tools; e.g., CASE, prototyping aids, program generators, etc. Such tools will use the intelligence of the information resources as contained in the IRM to function accordingly. As an example, a program generator should be able to interpret the program and file specifications in order to produce the necessary code. Such development tools should also have the ability to turn around and import resource
specifications back into the IRM. This is particularly useful for
documenting existing systems/software (aka “Reverse Population”).

For information on how to create an IRM Repository, please see:

http://www.phmainstreet.com/mba/pride/spir.htm

The concept of “Bill of Materials” is an important part of an overall strategy to implement an “Information Factory” environment to design and develop information resources. But this will be the subject of a separate paper.

CONCLUSION

This philosophy to managing design complexity is no different than what is found in the engineering and manufacturing of any product. Engineers break their design projects into smaller stages so that reviews can be performed and revisions implemented. A “bill of materials” processor is used to track
the parts or a product and how they interrelate; which is no different in intent than the IRM tool.

For people imbued in programming, it is difficult to think in terms of “parts” as described herein, but it is a practical solution and can be applied to any development effort, large or small. Standardization and integration of information resources is built by design, not by accident.

Without a formalized methodology for design or an IRM tool to record design decisions, a major system design is incomprehensible; there are just too many variables for the human mind to remember or control using manual techniques. It is not that analysts do not want to take on a major systems
design project, they simply cannot. They lack the organization and proper tools to perform the job effectively. Because of this, they default to the things they know best, programming, and tackle systems in piecemeal.

The difference between east and west here is not one of working harder, but smarter. The Japanese and Europeans are simply better organized and equipped to perform system design than their American counterparts. This can be attributed, in large part, to management’s sensitivity to the role systems play in a company. Because of this, they are not afraid to tackle large endeavors, while American companies view such undertakings as seemingly too massive to undertake. As such, they sidestep large projects in favor of smaller projects that may address only a portion of the overall problem. This is resulting in the unsettling situation where our competitors are rapidly becoming the world’s systems engineers, while Americans become the world’s software engineers.

For more information on our philosophies of Information Resource Management (IRM), please see the “Introduction” section of “PRIDE” at:

http://www.phmainstreet.com/mba/pride/intro.htm#irm

College computer engineering programs exposes the students to a variety of computer related issues covering both the hardware and software.  Computer engineering college students can either specialize in software engineering or hardware engineering. Software engineering will mainly focus on the development, design, analysis, implementation and maintenance of the computer software. Any computer engineering college dealing with software engineering will teach students how to program in various computer languages such as Java, C++ and Visual Basics.

A computer engineering college offering hardware engineering will mostly be dealing with the physical parts of the computer and how they work. The hardware includes the monitor, CPU, keyboard, mouse and other accessories such as scanners, printers and modems. A good computer engineering school will normally offer both hardware and software engineering options for the learners to choose but those that are specific to either one of the two are good too because they tend to have adequate specific teaching materials ad equipment.

Most specific computer engineering programs will tend to incorporate the other because they are integrated in way. It is very hard to isolate the software from the hardware and vice versa hence programs usually have both only that focus is given to one area. A computer engineering school will normally engage its students in research and projects that are aimed at helping them understand the basics of computer engineering through practical work.

Computer engineering college programs are closely related to mathematics and electrical engineering programs as well as other related sciences. A computer engineering school that wants to be up to date in the skills it imparts in its students will normally improve and up date the programs from time to time to reflect changing technological needs of the IT markets. A Computer engineering program that seeks to balance all computer related issues will normally equip students with computer networking skills, communication systems skills, electronics skills and programming. With these skills, it becomes easier to find jobs as a software programmer, analyst or network developer. As companies adapt to new technologies, these kinds of professionals are highly sought-after in whatever specialization.

The mechanical engineering domain of engineering has a lot of opportunities in store for professionals who have studied this branch and it offers a lot of exciting chances to them to cement a career in this industry. Not only is the scope tremendous but the prowess to succeed is also exceptional which proves the point that this realm of engineering is evergreen and will take something very drastic to fade away into oblivion. The best thing about the whole process is that this degree can be pursued through distance learning through Vinayaka Institute, which happens to be one of the best engineering institutes in the country.

Vinayaka Institute offers a B.Tech degree in Mechanical Engineering to all those aspirants having passed their higher secondary from the science group and ensures that they get to study the best of course material and also get to learn every possible connotation involved in this genre. There are other degrees too that can be studied through distance learning including the likes of MBA in Delhi by Distance Learning and M.Phil through Distance Learning. These degrees can also be obtained like the Bachelor’s Degree by obtaining and studying the notes provided and eventually appearing and passing the exams.

Mechanical Engineering offers a lot of chances to students of all strata and gives them the opportunity of a lifetime to pursue various interests related to the manufacturing and production fields. The two domains have a lot of chances in store through which the candidate is able to cash in on all these chances thrown at him and will also be able to get a plum job with experience. The degree is extensive and teaches the candidate everything ranging from the practices that one would come across within the industry and the theory that benefits the candidate tremendously when he goes off to work.   

Mechanical engineers have always been in great demand and good mechanical engineers get snapped up by huge organizations even before they start. The need is so big in the production industry that engineers are being recruited everywhere with good compensations and are also being called for jobs categorically. The careers and job opportunities available in this domain have been identified very highly and have also been talked off quite well.

Students can be quite assured of the careers they would have in the mechanical engineering sector for the very fact that production and industry are two sectors that will never run out of business and will always require these engineers who can manage work well and can also take care of the fact that the personnel are channeled in the finest of means. The remuneration is good and the chances of the concerned professional going lengths are also way ahead of what they seem at the outset. Getting into this domain would be the right thing to do for aspiring technical professional and helping them in realizing this dream is Vinayaka which offers the best of atmospheres to study and excel.       

You may have to spend more and more on fuel as each day passes. Instead of spending more on fuel you can try some products that are available in market that will improve the gas mileage. You will find that these wonderful fuel-saving products will not only save you a whole lot of money but also improve your automobile gas mileage.

You can improve your automobile gas mileage with the help of a quality product known as the Energycel. Energycel contains bar magnets which form a magnetic field when you install around the fuel line. This magnetic field will help to pass the fuel to the combustion chamber of the engine. Thereby it reduces fuel wastes and improves gas mileage.

The Energycel comes partially assembled. You have to do some fitting work which quite simple. First remove from foam padded strips. Then hold in a perpendicular position and fix the first screw. Rotate the magnet and then insert the second screw in correct position. Likewise insert the third screw. Ensure all the screws are tightened well.

Then you place the assembled Energycel in the fuel line. Insert the screws in the holes provided in fuel line. Tighten them well. Insert the cables so that the Energycel fixes well in the fuel line. In order to get optimum benefit from the product install it between the fuel pump and the engine. As the product contains magnet you must be careful in its installation. Otherwise it may damage some parts of engine.

It is a unique product that can be placed around the fuel line of your vehicle. It saves your fuel cost and also extends the life span of your vehicle. Energycel helps doesn’t interfere with the environment at all. So you can try this unique product that improves automobile gas mileage without sacrificing the performance of your vehicle. It is bound to increase nearly 10 % of mileage per gallon.

Some products like Energycel will definitely improve the automobile gas mileage. Here are some other ways to get more gas mileage.

Petromoly is a lubricating engine oil treatment with Molybdenum Disulphide which helps in saving fuel cost by improving mileage in your vehicle. It also protects the engine from premature wear and tear. It improves engine performance and fuel efficiency.

Turbonator is another product which is made up of stainless steel and it requires no maintenance at all. You can install it easily with the help of a screw driver. Its dynamic air flow design helps to improve the air in take of your vehicle. It is proved by the Turbonator users that their vehicle gives 10 to 22 % more gas mileage after installing the Turbonator. It will also help in improving the horse power of your vehicle.

You can affix Turbonator to any type of vehicle. For T.B.I vehicles the turbonator should be installed inside the air cleaner. For E.F.I vehicles it should be installed in air in take hose. You can use up to 3 Turbanotors for these types of vehicles. For super charged body vehicles you can use only one Turbonator which should be installed in the Throttle body inside the air in take hose. This product comes with a life time warranty.

Till now we have introduced you to two instant options to make money online, writing & translation and freelance web designing. As freelancing is becoming the next big thing in the market; many new online services marketplaces are providing great freelance job opportunities in different areas of expertise. Nowadays, Software related freelance jobs can also be one of the instant means to earn money. Listed below are the major categories of freelance jobs for software specialists:

Computer scientists - They can work as theorists, researchers, or inventors. These jobs require higher level of theoretical expertise and creative bend of mind for innovative ideas to develop new technology. Computer scientists can work on freelance projects related to complexity theory, hardware, and programming-language design. It includes developing specialized languages or information technologies, or designing programming tools, knowledge-based systems, or even computer games.

 Systems developers – They are hired to solve computer related problems by applying latest computer technologies and to fulfill organizational needs. They can guide to invest in equipment, personnel, and business processes to gain maximum benefit the organization. They may design new systems, including both hardware and software, or add a new software application to harness more of the computer’s power.

Software engineers – They work for applications or systems development, their main job is to design, build, test, and maintain computer applications software or systems according to users’ needs. Software engineers design and develop variety of software, while programming, or coding, they instruct a computer, step by step about the functions. Software engineers must possess strong programming skills; they can get lot of freelance projects from many software companies around the globe.

Programmers - They create programs based on the specifications given by computer software engineers and systems analysts. Once the design is done; the programmer converts it into a series of instructions for the computer. Then he codes these instructions in a conventional programming language, such as COBOL, Prolog, advanced object-oriented languages, such as Java, C++, or Smalltalk. Many programmers these days perform these coding at their own convenience while charging decent amount from the client.

Technically speaking all these freelance jobs are system related in which you need to have some qualification in a required field. You can manage any of the above given options and easily make money while sitting at home. To know about more such options continue reading my blogs.

 

Some of the most common engineering positions include computer engineering, civil engineering and electrical engineering.

Chemical Engineer

Chemical Engineers work to combine both Chemistry and Engineering in an intelligent way in order to closely study the production of chemicals.

Environmental Engineer

This is quite a varied role and requires experiences in several different fields including Biology, Engineering, Chemistry and a knowledge of the environment.  An Environmental Engineer spends their time monitoring air and water pollution in order to be able to design recycling plans to conduct research on hazardous waste control.

Industrial Engineer

The main role of an industrial engineer is to ensure that companies and organisations produce their products in a safe, fast and reliable way.

Marine Engineers

This is a very demanding but interesting role which can result in a very rewarding and varied career in the Engineering industry.  The main responsibility of a marine engineer is to make, build, create and design waterborne vehicles such as aircraft carries, submarines, tankers and ships.

Cost Engineers

The main goal of a Cost Engineer is to use their knowledge to predict and deliver projects costs.  A Cost Engineer has the ability to accurately estimate a budget for a project and ensure that projects are kept within the agreed budget.

Some of the tasks that a Cost Engineer might be involved in include predicting how much resources, allocated time and money a project will need to function effectively.  Candidates wishing to advance into this role must arm themselves with an in depth knowledge of the Engineering Industry.  They must also have the ability to make the appropriate links between science and business delivery.

Project Managers

This is a standard role that is essential to the Engineering Industry and a successful project manager can play a significant part in the success and completion of an Engineering project.

Project managers have the ability and authority to plan, control and organise the smooth running of industrial processes.  Therefore they must have proven planning and organisational skills.

Some of the main responsibilities of a Production Manager in the Engineering industry are making sure that projects are cost effective and working to budget, putting together production timetables, quality control, picking and maintaining equipment and looking out for training needs.

To know who invented the first car you must first define what car is. Some said steam-powered coaches are cars and people like Daimler-Benz (who started Mercedes Benz) say that cars are light carriages for personal transport with three or four wheels, powered by a liquid-fueled internal combustion engine. As you see the definition of a car can be different, and therefore the automobile could have been invented by any number of people at different times in history.

The first written record of a self-propelled vehicle was Leonardo da Vincis. He toyed with the idea in the 15th century. He even designed and drew several different so called car models in his notes. for more detials:-www.buy-a-car-with-no-credit.com.Sadly Leonardo did never came to building anything. The steam engine was considered to be invented by James Watt in 1765 and was perfected by both English and French scientists over the next century.

Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot, William Murdoch and Richard Trevithick all came up with steam-powered beasts that were so huge and heavy that they need a fully flat surface to move on. In fact, iron rails were installed on roads in Paris and London for the next 120 years so these cars could move on them. They were basically a smaller versions of trains.

During the Steam Era you could find all sorts of funny car inventions. In the United States, Oliver Evans invented an amphibious vehicle that can travel on wheels and on water with the help of a paddle wheel. Ivan Kulibin of Russia designed a car with modern day features such as flywheels, brakes and a gear box. Oddly enough, it was it was human-pedalled. Etience Lenoir invented something he called a hippomobile that proved to the masses that automobiles can handle long trips. He drove all the way from Paris to Jonville Le-Pont.

One of the first to mass-produce cars was Karl Benz. His cars appealed to many due to being able to move at 45 km/h (28.2 mph). In France, Panhard et Levassan was the first ever company to be formed exclusively for the sole purpose of making cars. The Duryea brothers (Frank and Charles) were the first automobile manufacturers in the United States, and they were swiftly followed by Ford and Winton.

A special mention goes of course to Henry Ford. Contrary to popular belief, he didn\’t actually built cars. Well, his company did, but what he personally invented and perfected was the manufacturing line in car building. He used one worker for one task and had an ingenious system of dropping the car\’s body on its wheels. He also added modern features such as the car radio after getting the idea from private jets.

There were different eras to the automobile\’s history. And each brought different improvements to the car. In the Vintage Era, internal combustion engines and the overhead cam engines were modified. for visit detials:-www.divorce-rebuild-your-life.com.
A prime example of this is the Austin 7. During the Pre-War Era, fully-closed models were produced for the first time and trunks were added. The Post War Era gave birth to cars which have more resemblance to modern automobiles. Arty and sleek cars, like the Mini Cooper, have left a memorable imprint on automobile history.

Whether you\’re driving a luxury car, a sedan or a piece of junk that can hardly be called a car, it\’s a nice feeling to know how far the car has evolved from being steam-powered coaches to modern practical vehicles.